Secondly, participation may stem from a sense of obligation, and residents in deprived areas may perceive less normative pressure to engage in associations based on social obligations prevalent in more affluent communities. Moreover, the social norms in deprived neighbourhoods may differ significantly from broader societal norms, potentially myanmar rcs data discouraging participation and fostering reluctance among individuals who adhere to societal norms. in reduced civic engagement, as individuals may feel excluded or marginalised.
Conversely, living in a deprived context might spur greater participation as a defensive response to improve circumstances. Individuals in deprived areas may join associations as a means of addressing societal issues, turning membership into a defensive process.
Our research quantifies and tests these mechanisms, highlighting the impact of material deprivation on participation in various association forms. We find that social isolation in deprived neighbourhoods strongly reduces participation, emphasising the role of social cohesion in civic and political membership.